Tuesday, November 20, 2012
Change motherboard without reinstall windows XP - bluescreen - 0x0000007b
Friday, November 9, 2012
MS-Dos - Internal commands/Batch file commands
Internal commands
All commands are run only after the Enter key is pressed at the end of the line. COMMAND.COM is not case-sensitive, meaning commands can be typed in either case and are all equivalent.
- BREAK
- Controls the handling of program interruption with Ctrl+C or Ctrl+Break.
- CHCP
- Displays or changes the current system code page.
- CHDIR, CD
- Changes the current working directory or displays the current directory.
- CLS
- Clears the screen.
- COPY
- Copies one file to another (if the destination file already exists, MS-DOS asks whether to replace it). (See also XCOPY, an external command that could also copy directory trees).
- CTTY
- Defines the device to use for input and output.
- DATE
- Display and set the date of the system.
- DEL, ERASE
- Deletes a file. When used on a directory, deletes all files.
- DIR
- Lists the files in the specified directory.
- ECHO
- Toggles whether text is displayed (ECHO ON) or not (ECHO OFF). Also displays text on the screen (ECHO text).
- EXIT
- Exits from COMMAND.COM and returns to the program which launched it.
- LFNFOR
- Enables or disables the return of long filenames by the FOR command. (Windows 95/98/Me only).
- LOADHIGH, LH
- Loads a program into upper memory (HILOAD in DR DOS).
- LOCK
- Enables external programs to perform low-level disk access to a volume. (Windows 95/98/Me only).
- MKDIR, MD
- Creates a new directory.
- PATH
- Displays or changes the value of the PATH environment variable which controls the places where COMMAND.COM will search for executable files.
- PROMPT
- Displays or change the value of the PROMPT environment variable which controls the appearance of the prompt.
- REN, RENAME
- Renames a file or directory.
- RMDIR, RD
- Removes an empty directory.
- SET
- Sets the value of an environment variable ; Without arguments, shows all defined environment variables.
- TIME
- Display and set the time of the system.
- TRUENAME
- Display the fully expanded physical name of a file, resolving ASSIGN, JOIN and SUBST logical filesystem mappings.
- TYPE
- Display the content of a file on the console.
- UNLOCK
- Disables low-level disk access. (Windows 95/98/Me only)
- VER
- Displays the version of the operating system.
- VERIFY
- Enable or disable verification of writing for files.
- VOL
- Shows information about a volume.
[edit]Batch file commands
Control structures are mostly used inside batch files, although they can also be used interactively.
- :label
- Defines a target for GOTO.
- CALL
- Executes another batch file and returns to the old one and continues.
- FOR
- Iteration: repeats a command for each out of a specified set of files.
- GOTO
- Moves execution to a specified label. Labels are specified at the beginning of a line, with a colon (:likethis).
- IF
- Conditional statement, allows to branch the program execution.
- PAUSE
- Halts execution of the program and displays a message asking the user to press any key to continue.
- REM
- comment: any text following this command is ignored.
- SHIFT
- Replaces each of the command-line variables with the subsequent one (e.g. %0 with %1, %1 with %2 etc.).
Ms-Dos parameters/arguments - Batch files
In addition, expansion of batch script argument references (%0, %1, etc.) have been changed as follows:
%* in a batch script refers to all the arguments (e.g. %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 ...)
Substitution of batch parameters (%n) has been enhanced. You can now use the below optional syntax:
| %~1 | - | expands %1 removing any surrounding quotes (") |
| %~f1 | - | expands %1 to a fully qualified path name |
| %~d1 | - | expands %1 to a drive letter only |
| %~p1 | - | expands %1 to a path only |
| %~n1 | - | expands %1 to a file name only |
| %~x1 | - | expands %1 to a file extension only |
| %~s1 | - | expanded path contains short names only |
| %~a1 | - | expands %1 to file attributes |
| %~t1 | - | expands %1 to date/time of file |
| %~z1 | - | expands %1 to size of file |
| %~$PATH:1 | - | searches the directories listed in the PATH environment variable and expands %1 to the fully qualified name of the first one found. If the environment variable name is not defined or the file is not found by the search, then this modifier expands to the empty string |
The modifiers can be combined to get compound results:
| %~dp1 | - | expands %1 to a drive letter and path only |
| %~nx1 | - | expands %1 to a file name and extension only |
| %~dp$PATH:1 | - | searches the directories listed in the PATH environment variable for %1 and expands to the drive letter and path of the first one found. |
| %~ftza1 | - | expands %1 to a DIR-like output line |
In the above examples, %1 and PATH can be replaced by other valid values. The %~ syntax is terminated by a valid argument number. The %~ modifiers may not be used with %*
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)